External links

right • left • lingula • apex • base • root • cardiac notch • cardiac impression • hilum • borders (anterior, posterior, inferior) • surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) • fissures (oblique, horizontal)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura

Additional images

The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura

Diseases

Diseases involving the pleura include:

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleura

External links

Hard Eight • Boogie Nights • Magnolia • Punch-Drunk Love • There Will Be Blood

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Awards

2000 Academy Awards

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Documentary

The Magnolia DVD includes a lengthy behind-the-scenes documentary, That Moment. It uses a fly-on-the-wall approach to cover nearly every aspect of production, from production management and scheduling to music direction to special effects. As Magnolia is arguably Paul Thomas Anderson's most ambitious work to date, the behind-the-scenes documentary is also an in-depth look into his motivation and directing style. Pre-production included a screening of the film Network, as well as Ordinary People. Several scenes showed Anderson at odds with the child actors and labor laws that restrict their work time. The character of Dixon has further scenes filmed but, from Anderson's reactions, appear not to be working. These scenes were cut completely and have never been shown on DVD.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Music and soundtracks

Paul Thomas Anderson has stated that the screenplay was written largely around the songs of Aimee Mann.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Script vs. final cut

A published version of the shooting script (Newmarket Press, 2001, ISBN 1-55704-406-6) indicates that there was substantial additional material to be incorporated into the film which did not make the final cut. In particular, the character of Dixon, the boy Jim Kurring met while investigating the shots in the first act, returns in a scene in the diner near where Donnie and Jim return the money, with his father (the Worm) in an extended dialogue exchange which indicates that Worm's father is abusive toward both Dixon and himself.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Themes

Magnolia is a thematically rich film. Many essays and other writings have been composed on it. Some themes that are often associated with the film include:

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Raining Frogs & Exodus 8:2

The movie has an underlying theme of Fortean unexplained events, taken from the 1920s and 1930s works of American intellectual Charles Fort. Fortean author Loren Coleman has written a chapter about this motion picture, entitled "The Teleporting Animals and Magnolia," in one of his recent books. [2]The film has many hidden Fortean themes. The fall of frogs is merely one of them. One of Charles Fort's books is visible on the table in the library and there is an end credit thanking Charles Fort. [ISBN 1-416527-36-2 Mysterious America']

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

Overview

Magnolia starts with an introduction describing three events that set the mood for the movie by urging the audience to think about supposed coincidences which occur "all the time." The events, which are well-known urban legends, are:

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolia_%28film%29

External links

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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award

Award categories

Motion picture awards: Exclusively awarded until 1956

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award

History

The first Golden Globes Awards were held in 1954 at the 20th Century Fox studios. It has since been held annually, at various locations throughout the next decade, notably the Beverly Hills Hotel, Hollywood Knickerbocker Club and the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. It was during the early stages of the 1950s that the Hollywood Foreign Press Association made the decision to establish a special award that recognizes outstanding contributions to the entertainment industry. To give importance to the award and recognize its subject as an international figure in the entertainment industry the award was presented to Cecil B. DeMille in 1952, the official name of the award thus became the Cecil B. DeMille Award. The award was then first presented to Walt Disney the following year.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award

Miscellaneous

In April 2005, Cruise began dating Katie Holmes. This very public love affair took a dramatic turn when Cruise and Holmes got engaged in Paris[71] while on a world publicity tour for their two most recent movies (War of the Worlds for Cruise; Batman Begins for Holmes). War of the Worlds director Steven Spielberg stated that he was frustrated by media coverage of Cruise's relationship during promotion of the film, though he believed it to be genuine.[72] On October 5, 2005, People magazine reported that Holmes was pregnant.[73] Cruise came under fire from various medical professionals after he allegedly bought a sonogram machine to monitor the fetus at home.[74] The American College of Radiology claims that overuse or misuse of the medical equipment is unnecessary and could be harmful to fetal health, and that it may be illegal to own: it apparently was still legal.[75] On May 4, 2006 the California Assembly passed a bill to ban distribution of ultrasound machines to non-licensed practitioners, though the law must still go through the Senate and could not be retroactive in effect.[76] On April 18, 2006 Holmes gave birth to a baby girl, which they named Suri. Suri is the first child for Holmes and the third child for Cruise who had adopted two children with Nicole Kidman:[2] Connor Antony (born January 17, 1995) and Isabella Jane (born December 22, 1992).

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Publicist

Cruise's more open attitude to Scientology has been attributed to the departure of his publicist of 14 years, Pat Kingsley, in March 2004. He replaced her with his sister, fellow Scientologist Lee Anne DeVette, who served in that role until November 2005.[67] He then demoted his sister and replaced her with veteran publicist Paul Bloch, from the publicity firm Rogers and Cowan. Such restructuring is seen as a move to curtail publicity about his Scientology views, as well as the hard-sell of his relationship with Katie Holmes backfiring with the public.[68][69] DeVette explained that it was her decision to work on philanthropic projects rather than publicity.[70]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

<i>Trapped in the Closet</i>

In 2005, the television show South Park provoked controversy with "Trapped in the Closet", an episode that satirized Scientology and the long-standing rumors regarding Cruise being a closeted homosexual. In the episode, Cruise becomes depressed and locks himself in a closet, after Stan Marsh (one of the main child characters in the series) tells Cruise (who has been told that Stan is the reincarnation of L. Ron Hubbard) that he considers Jon Heder to be a better actor than Cruise. As Cruise hides in the closet, depressed at the thought that L. Ron Hubbard doesn't like his work as an actor, several characters make numerous "come out of the closet" jokes. The show also has Nicole Kidman (Cruise's ex-wife) attempt to get Tom to "come out of the closet", telling him that Katie Holmes won't think any less of him and that she doesn't think any worse of him either. Meanwhile John Travolta (also the subject of rumors regarding possible homosexuality) and R. Kelly (who had just recorded a series of music videos called "Trapped in the Closet", regarding a man hiding in the closet of a woman he had a one-night stand with) also join Cruise in the closet, to hide after Cruise tells the two how comfortable a hiding spot Stan's closet is.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Parodies

As noted, the scene has been parodied numerous times, including:

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Jumping the couch

Cruise has made several expressions of his feelings for Holmes to the media, most notably the "couch incident" which took place on the popular talk show, The Oprah Winfrey Show of May 23, 2005. In that instance, Cruise "jumped around the set, hopped onto a couch, fell rapturously to one knee and repeatedly professed his love for his new girlfriend."[54] This scene has been parodied in numerous venues in film (Scary Movie 4), on TV (Family Guy, Hannah Montana). The "couch incident" was voted #1 of 2005's "Most Surprising Television Moments" on a countdown on E!.[55]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Scientology

Study Tech · Auditing · Disconnection

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Katie Holmes

In April 2005, Cruise began dating Katie Holmes, before announcing on 17 June 2005 that he had proposed to her at the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[29] She accepted his proposal, and the couple married in Bracciano, Italy on November 18, 2006.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Penélope Cruz

Cruise was next romantically linked with Penélope Cruz, the lead actress in his film Vanilla Sky. In March 2004, he announced that their relationship had ended in January.[28]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Nicole Kidman

Cruise met Nicole Kidman on the set of their film Days of Thunder. The couple married on December 24, 1990 and divorced on August 8, 2001.[2] He and Kidman adopted two children, Isabella (born 1993) and Connor (born 1995).[2] They separated when Kidman was three months pregnant, just shy of their tenth wedding anniversary; she later miscarried.[27]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Mimi Rogers

Cruise was married to Mimi Rogers (married on May 9, 1987, divorced February 4, 1990).[2] Rogers is generally believed to be the one who introduced Cruise to Scientology.[26]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Popularity

In 1990, 1991 and 1997, People magazine rated him among the 50 most beautiful people in the world.[2] In 1995, Empire magazine ranked him among the 100 sexiest stars in film history.[2] Two years later, it ranked him among the top 5 movie stars of all time.[2] In 2002 and 2003, he was rated by Premiere among the top 20 in its annual Power 100 list.[2]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Management of United Artists

According to an Associated Press report on November 2, 2006, Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner announced that they will be in charge of the United Artists film studio.[22] Cruise will produce and star in films for United Artists, while Wagner will serve as UA's chief executive.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Breakup with Paramount

On August 22, 2006, Paramount Pictures announced it was ending its 14-year relationship with Cruise/Wagner Productions. In the Wall Street Journal, chairman of Viacom (Paramount's parent company) Sumner Redstone cited the economic damage to Tom Cruise's value as an actor and producer from his controversial public behavior and views.[16][17] Cruise/Wagner Productions responded that Paramount's announcement was a face-saving move after the production company had successfully sought alternative financing from private equity firms.[18] Industry analysts such as Edward Jay Epstein commented that the real reason for the split was most likely Paramount's discontent over Cruise/Wagner's exceptionally large share of DVD sales from the Mission: Impossible franchise.[19][20] However, Radar has claimed that the "personal conduct" complained of by Redstone was an allegedly Cruise-inspired attempt to intimidate Brad Grey, CEO of Paramount. According to Radar, when Grey was walking to his car one night after tense negotiations with Cruise over Mission: Impossible 3, he was "surrounded by more than a dozen Scientologists, who pressured him to ease up on the actor ... Following a terse exchange, the visitors allowed Grey to get into his car and leave, but the message was clear." Grey reportedly stood his ground and convinced Cruise to accept a lower fee than the actor had initially demanded.[21]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Producing career

Cruise partnered with producer Paula Wagner to form Cruise/Wagner Productions which has co-produced several of Cruise's films,[13] the first being Mission: Impossible in 1996 which was also Cruise's first project as a producer. He won a Nova Award (shared with Paula Wagner) for Most Promising Producer in Theatrical Motion Pictures at the PGA Golden Laurel Awards in 1997 for his work as a producer for the film Mission: Impossible.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

2000s

In 2000, Cruise returned as Ethan Hunt in the second installment of the Mission Impossible films, releasing Mission: Impossible II. The film was directed by Hong Kong director John Woo and branded with his Gun fu Style, but it continued the series' blockbuster success at the box office, taking in US$545,902,562 in worldwide figures, like its predecessor, being the third highest grossing film of the year. The following year Cruise starred in the remake of the 1997 erotic thriller Abre Los Ojos, Vanilla Sky. In 2002, Cruise starred in the dystopian thriller, Minority Report which was directed by Steven Spielberg and based on the science fiction novel by Philip Dick; as well as The Last Samurai, which saw Cruise perform some of his own stunts.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

1990s

Cruise was welcomed with similar success the following year when he received Academy Award nominations for Oliver Stone's Born on the Fourth of July, which was based on the best selling autobiography of Anti-Vietnam War hero Ron Kovic; for the first time the audience knew Tom could play complicated roles other than handsome boys. In 1990, Cruise starred as hot-shot race car driver "Cole Trickle" in Tony Scott's Days of Thunder. While filming Days of Thunder Cruise first met American born and Australian-raised actress Nicole Kidman, who was his co-star. Cruise's next film was Ron Howard's Far and Away where he again was starring with Nicole Kidman. Cruise next starred in the military thriller A Few Good Men with Jack Nicholson and Demi Moore. This film was very well received and earned Cruise Golden Globe and MTV nominations. The following year he starred in Sydney Pollack's The Firm along with Gene Hackman and Ed Harris, which was based on the best selling novel by John Grisham, won Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture at the People's Choice Awards.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

1980s

Cruise's first acting role came in 1981, when he had a small role in Endless Love, a drama/romance film starring Brooke Shields. Later that same year he had a more substantial role in the film Taps, appearing alongside George C. Scott, Timothy Hutton and Sean Penn. The film about military cadets was moderately successful. In 1983, he was one of many teenaged stars to appear in Francis Ford Coppola's The Outsiders. The cast for this film included Rob Lowe, Matt Dillon, Patrick Swayze, and Ralph Macchio, some of which were part of the Brat Pack. That same year Cruise appeared in the teen comedy Losin' It with Shelley Long. Also in 1983, Risky Business was released, widely thought to be the film that propelled Cruise to stardom. One sequence in the film, featuring Cruise lip-syncing Bob Seger's "Old Time Rock and Roll" in his underwear, has become an iconic moment in film history. The film has been described as "A Generation-X classic, and a career-maker for Tom Cruise".[12] A fourth film that was released in 1983 was the high-school football drama, All the Right Moves.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Family and early life

Born in Syracuse, New York,[4] Cruise has German and Colonial English ancestry from his paternal great-grandparents, William Reibert and Charlotte Louise Voelker; and purportedly Welsh ancestry from his paternal great-great-grandfather, Dylan Henry Mapother, who emigrated from Flint, Wales to Louisville, Kentucky in 1850.[5][6] His great-great-grandmother Mary Cruise married twice. Her first husband was Dillon Henry Mapother, by whom she had six children. She remarried after Dillon's death, to Thomas O'Mara. Their son Thomas O'Mara, enumerated as such in the 1880 Census, was later known as "Thomas Cruise Mapother". The reason(s) for him changing his name are not entirely clear. Thus, from his and his wife Anna Stewart Bateman, he has Irish and Colonial English ancestry, respectively. His maternal ancestry is half Irish and half German (including Alsatian).[7] Anna Stewart Bateman's great-grandfather was a third cousin of President George Washington and descended seven times from King Jean de Brienne of Jerusalem, once from King Louis VIII of France, once from King Henry III of England, twice from King Edward I of England and three times from King Edward III of England.[8][9]

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise

Celebrity as a mass media phenomenon

In the 1970s, academics began analyzing the phenomenon of celebrity and stardom. According to Sofia Johansson the "canonical texts on stardom" include articles by Boorstin (1971), Alberoni (1972) and Dyer (1979) that examined the "representations of stars and on aspects of the Hollywood star system." Johansson notes that "more recent analyses within media and cultural studies (e.g. Gamson 1994; Marshall 1997; Giles 2000; Turner, Marshall and Bonner 2000; Rojek 2001; Turner 2004) have instead dealt with the idea of a pervasive, contemporary, ‘celebrity culture’." In the analysis of the 'celebrity culture,' "fame and its constituencies are conceived of as a broader social process, connected to widespread economic, political, technological and cultural developments."

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity

Celebrity families

An individual can achieve celebrity on the basis of their profession, accomplishments, or notoriety, without necessarily having any family or social connections to aid them. However, there are families where the entire family is considered to have celebrity status. In Europe, all members of royal families are celebrities, especially when they are associated with a real or perceived scandal. As well, in Europe and in the US, there are artistic 'dynasties', where several members of a family are associated with a profession-typically music or acting.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity

Professions that offer celebrity

Some professional activities, by the nature of being high-paid, highly exposed, and difficult to get into, are likely to confer celebrity status. For example, movie stars and television actors with lead roles on prime-time shows are likely to become celebrities, as are popular rock stars. High-ranking politicians, national television reporters, daytime television show hosts, supermodels, astronauts, successful major-league athletes and chart-topping pop musicians are also likely to become celebrities. A few humanitarian leaders such as Mother Teresa have even achieved fame because of their charitable work.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity

Regional or cultural celebrities

Each country has its own independent celebrity system, with a hierarchy of popular film, television, and sports stars. Celebrities who are very popular in one country, such as India, might be unknown abroad, except with culturally-related groups, such as the Indian diaspora. In some cases, a country-level celebrity might command some attention outside their native country, but not to the degree that they can be considered a global celebrity. For example, singer Lara Fabian is widely-known in the French-speaking world, but only had a couple Billboard hits in the U.S., whereas singer Celine Dion is well-known in both communities.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity

Central Celebrites

A small number of celebrities can be considered 'global', in that their fame has spread across the English-speaking world and even into non-English-speaking cultures. These celebrities are often prominent political figures, Hollywood actors, globally successful pop musicians and sports stars. A few examples of internationally-known celebrities include politicians Vaclev Havel, Nelson Mandela and Hugo Chavez; actors Tom Cruise, Ian McKellen, Gérard Depardieu and Will Smith; actresses Drew Barrymore, Meryl Streep, Halle Berry, Emma Watson and Julia Roberts; pop singers Robbie Williams, Britney Spears, Shakira, Michael Jackson and Madonna; and sports stars Yao Ming, David Beckham and Tiger Woods.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity

Paris Hilton - Nothing In This World

Paris Whitney Hilton

Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American celebrity, socialite, actress and recording artist. She is an heiress to a share of the Hilton Hotelreal estate fortune of her father Richard Hilton. fortune, as well as to the

Hilton rose to fame when a home-made sex video of her was leaked onto the Internet in late 2003. The release of the tape, later titled 1 Night in Paris (2004), attracted worldwide publicity and contributed to the success of Hilton's Foxreality series The Simple Life. As an actress, she has appeared in several minor roles, most notably in the horror film House of Wax (2005), and in 2006, she released the self-titled album Paris.

In September 2006, she was arrested for driving under the influence and subsequently sentenced to 36 months probation and had her license suspended. In February 2007, she was stopped again for speeding and charged with violating her probation. Hilton was sentenced to 45 days in jail.